The Civil War ended slavery, and the postwar Reconstruction attempted to turn the former slaves into citizens. It didn't work out that way. Fierce resistance by white southerners undermined the newly won rights of African Americans and established a racial caste system that in some ways was even more repressive than antebellum slavery. Moreover, by the turn of the century racial discrimination was practiced throughout the nation. How did African Americans respond to this difficult situation? How did actions they took during the nadir of race relations prepare the way for the civil rights movement? Find out in this course. 

Subject: history, diversity 

Daniel Miller received his BA from Westmont College in California and his PhD in US and Latin American history from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. He was a member of the Calvin University history department for 32 years where, among other topics, he taught courses on the US Civil War and Reconstruction and the History of Race Relations.